Propylene Glycol as a Pharmaceutical Excipient in Pediatrics

Propylene Glycol as a Pharmaceutical Excipient in Pediatrics Disha Patel The Utilization of Propylene Glycol as a Pharmaceutical Excipient in the Pediatric Field Abstract As a widely used excipient in pediatric formulations, propylene glycol functions as a solvent, emulsifier, humectant, and hygroscopic agent. It is a clear, colorless liquid whose properties enable it to have pharmacodynamic applications. Oftentimes, propylene glycol is combined with other mediations to enhance its penetration. For instance, a combination of 20% propylene glycol and 5% lactic acid in a semiocculusive cream base is used as a highly effective and well-tolerated keratolytic in patients with lamellar ichthyosis and possibly could be in various other hyperkeratotic diseases. Unfortunately, though to a lesser degree, this excipient is associated with toxic effects such as hyperosmolality, hemolysis, and lactic acidosis. Also, in concentrations greater than 10%, propylene glycol may act as an irritant in some patients (Health Effects 2). From a pharmacokinetic viewpoint, there is a potential of renal toxicity associated with propylene glycol and lorazepam. The high concentra tion of propylene glycol contained in certain intravenous drug products, such as phenytoin, diazepam, digoxin, and etomidate, may induce thrombophlebitis. Here, the patients increased serum creatinine concentrations are likely to have resulted from exposure to propylene glycol due to lorazepam infusion. Serum osmolality and osmol gap may be useful markers for propylene glycol toxicity. Much like the above mentioned applications, through its chemical composition, propylene glycol has the ability to exert a beneficial effect on pediatric formulations (Webbook 5). Introduction Propylene glycol, which is also known Propane-1,2-diol, is a colorless, viscous, organic liquid with a slightly sweet taste. This excipient is utilized in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations. Examples of pharmaceutical applications include therapeutic drugs such as vaccines, cough syrups, local anesthetics, antiseptics, vitamins, and hormones. It is produced through the fermentation of yeast and carbohydrates. Propylene glycol is industrially made from propylene oxide. It is made from either a catalytic or a non-catalytic method which exposes the propylene into extremes of temperature and a small amount of sulfuric acid or alkali to yield propylene glycol for industrial purposes (Frequently Asked Questions about Propylene Glycol 1). It is concluded that, with extensive research, this excipient is categorized as safe in the body. According to the Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry, in the body, under conditions of normal low exposure, propylene glycol is quickly metabolized and excreted. Its metabolic pathway is comparable to that of sugar: propylene glycol is quickly converted into lactic acid, similar to what happens with the energy in the muscles when exercising. Afterwards, the lactic acid is excreted via urine (Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews 2). Surprisingly, from a toxicological point of view, alcohol is more toxic than propylene glycol. Propylene glycol has been used safely for more than 50 years in a large variety of applications. As a result, it is effectively used in prescription medications such amoxicillin (500 mg), clindamycin hydrochloride (150 mg 300 mg), gabapentin (300 mg), lyrica (50 g 75 mg), and omeprazole (20 mg) (Result Filters 4). Through statistical data, it is overwhelmingly evident that there is a continually growing market for propylene glycol. According to the IHS website, United States (19%), Western Europe (39%), Japan (17%), and China (80%) had the largest consumption (Inactive Ingredients in Pharmaceutical Products 5). Since it has been proven safe with a relative low toxicity level, it is projected that the consumption of propylene glycol will rise (IHS Home Page 4). The Effects of Propylene Glycol in Pediatrics Pharmaceutical medications are composed of two very essential ingredients: active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients. The purpose of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in a drug is to elicit a specific therapeutic effect on the patient. Specifically, when the drug is consumed, it will exert a necessary effect on the body in order to produce an ideal outcome: the therapeutic response (TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR PROPYLENE GLYCOL 3). The component of the drug is the excipient, which is an inactive ingredient utilized for possible multifunctional usage. For instance, an excipient can be binders, coatings, diluents, disintegrants, fillers, flavors, colors, lubricants, glidants, sorbents, preservatives, sweeteners, and solubilizing agents. Oftentimes, they do acquire some extent of therapeutic acclivity, though less than the API. Similar to many other drugs, propylene glycol functions both, as an API and excipient-an indication that multiple functions can have multiple benef its (AccessMedicine [41168448] 2). Additionally, medications are tailored to a specific age group to maximize the therapeutic effect for the patient. Therefore, criteria for an ideal drug for the pediatric population will undoubtedly differ from the criteria for the geriatric population. Routes of administration suitable for pediatrics include oral, topical, rectal, inhalation, injectable and drop (eye, ear, and nose). Propylene glycol enters the body as an alcohol and metabolizes in the bodys enzyme pathways. These pathways do not mature in humans until 12 to 30 months of age. Proper judgment when administering a propylene glycol-based formulation to neonates is crucial in order to prevent potential complications (PubChem 1). In comparison to adults, new born babies have a propylene glycol half-life of 16.9 hours rather than a significantly lower 5 hour half-life for adults. In one study, the use a multivitamins whose contents included propylene glycol resulted in serum osmolality in low-birth-weight premature babies. However, in another research activity, phenobarbital injections containing propylene glycol were deemed to have an inconsequential effect on the osmolar gap (AccessMedicine [40400741] 4). A higher amount of propylene glycol delivered per dose, such as 3 grams, is known to cause more seizures in infants, in comparison to those receiving lesser amounts per dose, such as 300 mg. In a population of 262 patients treated for burns, roughly 3 percent were the result of topical propylene glycol which resulted in hyperosmolality (Potential Safety Concerns with the Large Amount of Propylene Glycol 2). Since propylene glycol is a liquid excipient, it affects the gastrointestinal tract. However, studies of people and animals show that if you have repeated eye, skin, nasal, or oral exposures to propylene glycol for a short time, you may develop some irritation. Furthermore, extensive studies performed have concluded that there are no severe risks of propylene glycol in infants. Thus, it is assumed to be safe if consumed in moderation. The oral liquid formulation also illustrates a high compliance rate amongst infants. Simple considerations such as route of administration and effective concentrations can help achieve a therapeutic response (AccessMedicine [40400741] 6). The chemical composition of propylene glycol is relatively simple: alcohol groups with a hydrocarbon backbone. To an extent, this simplistic structure plays a broad role in various applications ranging from industrial to pharmaceutical uses. Generally, neonates can be exposed to propylene glycol orally or topically. Absorption through oral intake is significantly more effective than on the skin. Once propylene glycol reaches the site of action, it is rapidly metabolized and subsequently excreted (A-Z Index 9). In the blood stream, the half-life of the excipient is approximately 2-4 hours in adults. However, in neonates, it is drastically longer (17 hours). Pertaining to its mechanism of action, it is further metabolized to lactate which is further metabolized to pyruvate, carbon dioxide, and water. Through utilization of the gluconeogenic pathway, glucose is formed. Even though the safety the propylene is apparent, extremely large exposures to propylene glycol have the potential to r esult in lactic acidosis and hyperosmotic changes in the blood (Health Effects 4). Extensive research has provided sufficient evidence on the safety and quality of this excipient. To begin, numerous sources indicate that propylene glycol has a dramatically low degree of toxicity. It is associated with moderately low concern for acute toxicity by ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation. There have been reports of altered nervous system function because of high oral exposure to propylene. Normal metabolism of this excipient can be negatively affected through blood pH and osmotic changes. Furthermore, animal studies also confirm the relative low risk of propylene glycol (Webbook 2). For example, a longitudinal study performed on rodents with extremely high exposures to the excipient presented no indication of adverse effects. Consequently, a similar study performed on cats illustrated hematological changes. High aerosol concentrations inhaled by rats caused minor nasal and ocular signs that may have been due to mild irritation or drying effects of propylene glycol on mucous membranes. On a positive note, there is no correlation to cancer from the use of propylene glycol (AccessMedicine [45774923] 1). Pharmacological Profile of Propylene Glycol Propylene glycol, with a formula C3H8O2, is readily miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform. In reference to its structure, it contains an asymmetrical carbon atom, so it has two enantiomers. Since the commercial product is a racemic mixture, pure optical enantiomers can be achieved by the hydration of optically pure propylene oxide. Upon the mixture of propylene glycol and water, the freezing point of water is drastically depressed. Because of this, it is used as a de-icing fluid for vehicles. With the exception of ethylene glycol, glycols are generally known to be non-corrosive and have low volatility and toxicity. Even with the strict criteria established for pediatrics, propylene glycol satisfies the requirements for safe administration to pediatric patients (A-Z Index 5). Furthermore, it is derived from propylene oxide and its production methods include either catalytic- proceeds at 150  °C to 180  °C in the presence of ion exchange resin or a small amount of sulfuric acid or alkali, or non-catalytic- high-temperature process at 200  °C to 220  °C (IHS Home Page 3). Even though this paper focuses mainly on propylene glycol’s purpose as an excipient in pediatric formulations, it has an overwhelmingly degree of other applications. A certain amount (45%) is used as chemical feedback for the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins. Chemically speaking, propylene glycol reacts with a mixture of unsaturated maleic anhydride and isophthalic acid to give a copolymer. Continuing further crosslinking, thermoset plastics are produced from the unsaturated polymers. Similarly, propylene glycol also reacts with propylene oxide to produce oligomers as well as polymers that are utilized to form polyurethanes (Frequently Asked Questions about Propylene Glycol 2). As proven be multiple research articles, this excipient is proven safe. The extent of safety is measured by plasma concentration: â€Å"Serious toxicity generally occurs only at plasma concentrations over 1 g/L, which requires extremely high intake over a relatively short period of time.† However, there is always an uncertainty and accidental occurrences. For instance, rare cases of propylene glycol poison were largely related to either inappropriate intravenous administration or accidental ingestion of enormously large quantities by children (Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet 9). Conclusion As proven through this research paper, propylene glycol is an effective ingredient for pediatric use. Since there was no established linkage between cancer and its use, it is popular for multiple uses. Several considerations should be utilized in formulating pediatric medications-specifically, the ingredients in the formulation. With its multiple uses, propylene glycol is well-suited for children for its safety and effectiveness. Like all ingredients, propylene glycol may produce adverse effects in the patient, but drastically less harmful than others. Since an enormous quantity must be consumed before toxicity level is reached, it is well suited for children. With viscous properties, upon consumption, it has the potential to elicit a faster therapeutic effect on the patient. Therefore, it is both potent and efficacious. In all, this ingredient proves to be a significant element to the overall formulation of a medication, regardless of the age group targeted (Webbook 5). Bibliography A-Z Index. ATSDR. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=1120tid=240>. Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews. AccessData. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnDetailNavigation.cfm?rpt=scogsListingid=262>. Frequently Asked Questions about Propylene Glycol. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.propylene-glycol.com/uploads/PropyleneGlycolAdvocacybrochure.pdf>. Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet. New Jersey Department of Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/3595.pdf>. Health Effects. ATSDR. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp189-c2.pdf>. InactiveIngredients in Pharmaceutical Products: Update (Subject Review). Peditrics. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/99/2/268.full#sec-11>. Potential Safety Concerns with the Large Amount of Propylene Glycol. Natap. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.natap.org/2000/may/potential_safety051500.htm>. Propylene Glycol. PubChem. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=1030>. Propylene Glycol. Webbook. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C57556Mask=8>. Propylene Glycols. IHS Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.ihs.com/products/chemical/planning/ceh/propylene-glycols.aspx>. Result Filters. National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14524641>. St. Johns University Academics Schools Libraries. AccessMedicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.jerome.stjohns.edu/content.aspx?bookid=348sectionid=40381672jumpsectionID=40400741>. St. Johns University Academics Schools Libraries. AccessMedicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.jerome.stjohns.edu/content.aspx?bookid=388sectionid=45764289jumpsectionID=45774923>. St. Johns University Academics Schools Libraries. AccessMedicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.jerome.stjohns.edu/content.aspx?bookid=392sectionid=41138958jumpsectionID=41168448>. TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR PROPYLENE GLYCOL. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp189.pdf>.

Confucius Essay -- Confucius Philosophy

As Confucius' philosophy still remains in the heart of many Chinese people, his images of the greatest professional teacher of all time, the greatest philosopher in Chinese history and his influence toward the future and the past 2000 years of Chinese civilization has made his thought the essence of the Chinese culture. He always said the importance of teaching could change the future of the civilization. And he also encouraged his students to explore the various things to learn, but be very selective and careful. The purpose of Confucius' teaching was practical and designed to help each person improve his character and conduct, and perhaps become prepared for an official position in the court. According to one passage in the Analects, Confucius taught four things: culture, conduct, loyalty, and truthfulness.1 Culture consisted of literature and music. Confucius suggested the value of each: "Let a man be stimulated by poetry, established in character by the rules of propriety, and perfected by music. â€Å" These pursuits were means by which one may achieve the higher ideal of following the Way.†2 The gentleman extensively studies literature and restrains himself with the rules of propriety. Thus he will not violate the Way. "3 And also " Set your heart upon the Way. Support yourself by its virtue. Rely on goodness. Find recreation in the arts."4 Confucius put the moral duties before the arts as the essential activities of the gentleman. "A young man's duty is to behave well to his parents at home and to in love to all, and to cultivate the friendship of the good. If, when all that is done, he has any energy to spare, then let him study the cultural arts."5 Confucius taught many topics around these subjects, but the most importance of these is the propriety, ritual and the Way of being a Gentleman. From these to achieve the Jen. Confucius had one overwhelming message: if we are to achieve a state of orderliness and peace, we need to return to traditional values of virtue. These values are based entirely on one concept: Jen, which is best, translated as "humaneness." This humaneness is a relatively strange concept to Western people, because it is not primarily a practicable virtue. The rules of propriety offered a code of accepted behaviour that demonstrated to themselves and others tha... ...ragement of personality development will never be forget. As the Chinese people and the world stepping into the next millennium, Confucius will be in the minds of many people, as they think of the greatest teacher in Chinese history. Bibliography Notes 1. Analects 7.24 Cf. A. Waley, The Analects of Confucius (London, 1938) 2. 2. Analects 8.8 3. Analects 6.25 4. 4. Analects 7.6 5. 5. Analects 1.6 6. 6. Analects 1.12 7. 7. Analects 8.2 8. 8. Analects 3.4 9. Analects 6.16 10. Analects 3.18 11. Analects 13.5 12. Analects 13.13 13. Analects 15.32 14. Analects 8.13 15. Analects 12.19 16. Analects 14.8 17. Analects 1.5 18. Analects 17.23 19. Analects 2.15 20. Analects 9.24 21. Analects 16.4 22. Analects 16.5 23. Analects 3.3 Confucius, Raymond Dawson (Oxford University Press, 1981) 24. Analects 12.1 Confucius, Raymond Dawson (Oxford University Press, 1981) 25. Analects 17.9 26. Analects 3.23 27. Lin Yutang, Wisdom of Confucius, p.81-82 28. 28. Ibid. p.82 29. 29. Ibid. p.83 30. 30. Ibid. p.67-68 31. Hsu, Cho-Yun, Ancient China in Transition p.161,163 32. 32. Analects 12.4 33. 33. Analects 16.7 34. 34. Analects 16.10

African Americans : the Role of Race Essay

Abstract The Following Essay defines and integrates the role race plays on the African American culture in their family values and politics in comparison to the Anglo American Culture. The United States has become increasingly diverse in the last century. While African American families share many features with other U. S. families, the African American family has some distinctive features relating to the timing and approaches to marriage and family formation, gender roles, parenting styles, and strategies for coping with adversity. African cultures, slavery, slave rebellions, and the civil rights movements(circa 1800s-160s)have shaped African American religious, familial, political and economic behaviors. The imprint of Africa is evident in myriad ways, in politics, economics, language, music, hairstyles, fashion, dance, religion and worldview, and food preparation methods. In the United States, the very legislation that was designed to strip slaves of culture and deny them education served in many ways to strengthen it. In turn, African American culture has had a pervasive, transformative impact on myriad elements of mainstream American culture, among them language, music, dance, religion, cuisine, and agriculture. This process of mutual creative exchange is called creolization. Over time, the culture of African slaves and their descendants has been ubiquitous in its impact on not only the dominant American culture, but on world culture as well. The Role of Race According to the U. S. Census Bureau 13. 6 percent, 42 million, of the total U. S population was made of people who identified themselves as black. This is a 15. 4% increase from 2000 to 2010 (Rastogi, Johnson, Hoeffel & Drewery, 2011). Is it becoming increasingly difficult to describe the American black population, though the majority of American blacks trace their heritage to slavery, an increasing minority are voluntary immigrants or their descendants. More Africans have entered the United States since 1990 as voluntary immigrants than entered as slaves before slave trafficking was outlawed in the early nineteenth century ( Marger 2012 p. 178). Never before and in no other country have as many varied ethnic groups congregated and combined as they have in the United States. With such reputation, here is exactly where the famous term â€Å"melting pot† arises. This conception has traditionally been perceived as the best expression to describe the multi-ethnicity of America. Its basic idea presents the whole nation as one large pot. Anyone who enters the United States is automatically thrown into this â€Å"pot† where, for the following years, a process of assimilation into the American belief systems is taken place. Assimilation is all the cultural aspects that one brings into are blended together, or melted, to form a new culture. The outcome of this massive procedure is the â€Å"melted† version of a culture, which is described as characteristically â€Å"American. † It is notable that in this assimilation, the identities of each original culture are extinguished to bring out a complete new mixture Slavery Part of the control mechanism of slavery was to strip African Americans of identity, language, and culture of their homeland. This was done by undermining and replacing family structures with temporary ones built around identity as slaves. This undermining was not however entirely successful as many slaves organized themselves into family structures very similar to nuclear families. Family Formation Within African American families, the formation of a household often begins not with marriage, but with birth of a child. 56% of African American children are born into families where the mother is not married to the biological father. Single women head 54% of African American households. African American women are taught to be strong and independent, to prepare for careers rather than rely on marriage for economic security. Marriage According to the 2010 census only 40% of black households were married couples. While 40% of African American men and 35% of African American women over 18 had ever been married. Experts attribute this decrease to factors including a shortage of marriageable African American men and to structural, social, and economic factors. Black males have a 32 percent chance of serving time in prison, as compared to 6 percent of white males. Nearly one in three African American men in their twenties is in prison, on parole, or on probation. Blacks account for 28% of arrests even though they represent only 13% of the nations population. These realities decrease an African American woman’s chances of finding a marriageable mate. Conflict Theory suggests that Higher arrest rate is not surprising for a group that is disproportionately poor and therefore much less able to afford private attorneys, who might prevent formal arrests from taking place Parenting and Discipline African American families tend to be more strict, to hold demanding behavioral standards, and to use physical discipline. This is however, balanced within a context of strong support and affection. Physical punishment among African American families usually doesn’t result in the same negative outcomes as it does for white children. Income and wealth In 2005 Median income of Black families was $37,500 compared with $64,663 for White non-Hispanic households. Black income today resembles that of Whites more than 10 years ago. African American unemployment is 11. 2 percent, which is more than double that of whites. Factors explaining official unemployment rate of young African American males * Many live in depressed economy of central cities * Immigrants and illegal aliens present increased competition * White middle-class women entered the labor force * Illegal activities at which youth find they can make more money have become more prevalent One in four African Americans are poor, compared to one in twelve whites Politics President Kennedy, in a 1961 executive order, was the first president to call for affirmative action by prohibiting discrimination against minorities by contractors who receive federal funds. The order also told them to hire and promote minorities. Supporters of affirmative action sought not just equality of opportunity but equality of results. The fact that millions of Americans, both black and white, hoped that retired General Colin Powell, an African American, would run for president in 1996 was a milestone. The color of a person’s skin was no longer a barrier to seeking the nation’s highest office. By 2004, there were 39 African Americans in the House of Representatives and more than 9,101 others in elective offices throughout the nation. Three African Americans served in the cabinet, and another sat on the Supreme Court. * Four hundred forty-five African Americans were mayors of major cities. * A federal holiday is now observed for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. * Retired General Colin Powell held the highest military post * On January 20, 2009 Barrack Obama was sworn in as the 44th president of the Unites States. His inauguration was attended by an estimated 1. 8 million people on the Washington National Mall, the Capital grounds, and the parade route. Hundreds of millions in the country and around the world watched the historical event on television. Stressing unity, responsibility, change, and action. Obama declared,† Starting today we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again, the work of remaking America. † Slavery Part of the control mechanism of slavery was to strip African Americans of identity, language, and culture of their homeland. This was done by undermining and replacing family structures with temporary ones built around identity as slaves. This undermining was not however entirely successful as many slaves organized themselves into family structures very similar to nuclear families. n). Baltimore, Maryland Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: African American Families. (2001). Retrieved on July 11, 2005 from p2001. health. org/cit04/res7. htm Webb, Nancy Boyd. (2001). Culturally Diverse Parent-Child and Family Relationships. New York: Columbia University Press. Woods, L. & Jagers, R. (2003). Are Cultural Values Predictors of Moral Reasoning in African American Adolescents? Journal of Black Psychology, 29, 102-118. Marger, M. N. (2012). Race and ethnic relations: American and global perspectives, ninth edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Rastogi, S. , Johnson, T. D. , Hoeffel, E. M. , & Drewery, J. (2011, September). Retrieved from http://www. census. gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-06. pdf Live text Upload * Courses Main Page > * SOC 240 HY 20 – CLTR SSCI > * SOC 240 HY 20 – CLTR SSCI Assignments.

Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe - 1710 Words

â€Å"The white man is very clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. Now he has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart† (Achebe 146). This quote, spoken by Okonkwo in Chinua Achebe s novel Things Fall Apart, is the most significant quote in the novel itself. This story was set in the 1890s. During this time, missionaries and colonial government intruded the Igbo society. In a traditional African village, lived a well-recognized man, Okonkwo. Okonkwo was ambitious, powerful, strong, short tempered, and depended on physical strength and African morals. He also believed†¦show more content†¦Okonkwo returns to a villager he can no longer call his anymore. He finds that the missionaries had dictated what his friends and others should believe in, agree or disagree with and he is intending to retract hi s morals and beliefs. In the process, Okonkwo is destroyed. His unwillingness to change from the strong, masculine man to a understanding and gentle man, led Okonkwo setting himself apart from the community and him fighting alone against the missionaries. In Chinua Achebe s novel Things Fall Apart, the author develops the theme of survival of the fittest does not always result in a civil community, in order to emphasize that the beliefs of cultural and religious traditions are important to developing a civilized African community. One example of the survival of the fittest not resulting in a civil community is during the week of peace. This sacred week is a time for calmness. Okonkwo, who values respect and strength largely, disregards this sacred week by beating his wife because she had not eaten dinner with the rest of his wives and children. Achebe represents this betrayal of tradition by stating, â€Å"His first two wives ran out in great alarm pleading with him that it was the sacred week. But Okonkwo was not the man to stop beating somebody half-way through, not even for fear of a goddess. Okonkwo’s neighbors heard his wife crying and sent their voices over the compound walls to ask what was the matter. Some of them came over to see for

The Online Dating Guide Moving From Internet Chat For...

The Online Dating Guide - Moving From Internet Chat to Real Life Love By Catherine R King | Submitted On January 27, 2014 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Catherine R King Of course, just because everyone has access to online dating it doesn t necessarily mean it s any easier to break the ice, woo a new partner, or find a steady boyfriend/girlfriend. Online dating is still dating, and it s just as easy to turn someone off via a text message as it is at a bar or nightclub. When you date online you do have the home field advantage. You might not even feel as nervous as on a face-to-face date since you get to keep a little bit of distance. However, before you get too comfortable and act the cyber-fool, there are a few basics in etiquette and dating strategies to remember. 10 Tips for Successful Online Dating 1. Upload a recent photo of yourself. No one appreciates talking to the you 20 years ago, or the Phantom behind the curtain that never reveals their face. Have the courtesy (and courage!) to show your face in a profile shot. 2. Don t focus too much on writing an honest profile, although lying is never an option. 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European Imperialism in Africa Essays - 1518 Words

In the early 1880’s, the powers of Europe started to take control of regions in Africa and set up colonies there. In the beginning, colonization caused the Africans little harm, but before long, the Europeans started to take complete control of wherever they went. The Europeans used their advanced knowledge and technology to easily maneuver through the vast African landscape and used advanced weapons to take control of the African people and their land. The countries that claimed the most land and had the most significant effect on Africa were France, England, Belgium, and Germany. There were many reasons for the European countries to be competing against each other to gain colonies in Africa. One of the main reasons was that the†¦show more content†¦Before the Europeans began to explore Africa, little was known about the continent. However, after some initial exploration of Africa, the Europeans soon realized how economically important this area was, and how much the y could profit from it. At the time, European countries had only small colonies in Africa, but after they realized that they could make money from the resources in the inner regions of Africa, they wanted to invade the African regions and assume control. This led to â€Å" the race† and ultimately, the partition of Africa. There were many motives for the Europeans to imperialize Africa. There were humanitarian and religious goals, political goals, military goals, and most importantly, there were economic interests. During the Berlin conference, The European powers decided that they were going to spread the three C’s (Christianity, Commerce, and Civilization) in Africa. To do this, the conference had three aims â€Å" Ensure free trade for all nations throughout the Congo, to ensure free navigation for all countries on the Niger River of West Africa, and agree to set rules by which the Europeans could proceed to divide the rest of the continent.† (Part II: The Eu ropean Conquest, Pg 11). Later in the document it states that not one African representative was present at the Berlin Conference to discuss Africas future. The European people tricked themselves into thinking that what they were doingShow MoreRelatedEuropean Imperialism in Africa Essays1457 Words   |  6 PagesImperialism By the late 19th and early 20th century, Europe was expanding its borders. In an attempt to grow its economy and culture, Europe’s superpowers began to search for new soil. Africa was an easy target; it wasn’t politically secure and it wasn’t modernized. In addition, it had reliable soil which would enable Europe to produce cash crops. 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Municipal Solid Waste Management

Question: Describe about the Present challenges of municipal solid waste management. Answer: Introduction: In compliance with the requirement provided in the given assignment a sincere attempt shall be shortly untaken to represent an effective municipal solid waste management strategy. Vapi a city located in the Valsad district of Gujarat of India has been considered in this respect. The municipal solid waste management strategy shall be formulated keeping in mind the present demographic and geographical condition of Vapi. This particular city of Gujarat has been enlisted as the second largest city after Surat situation in the southern region of the state. Vapi is also identified as one of the most developed city in Gujarat. According to the data produced by population census study the population if Vapi is 163, 630 for the year 2011 (Censusindia.gov.in, 2016). The subsequent sections of this assignment shall focus on development of a strategic planning framework along with identification and evaluation options for solid waste management. Additionally an action plan of municipal solid was te management for Vapi shall also be included. This present problems and future challenges with respect to municipal solid waste management of the concerned region shall also be highlighted. Present challenges of municipal solid waste management in Gujarat: The rapid emergence of urbanization along with a progressive growth in the population of India has identified the practice of municipal solid waste management as one of the major environmental problem whereby the uncontrolled generation of municipal solid waste has produced hazardous impact on the urban population of India. According to the survey data produced about 90% of the municipal solid waste are found to be unscientifically dump in open area and landfills posing a threat to public health. In this context it is important to highlight that India generates about 12 million tons of inert waste products on annual basis that is estimated to form about one third of the total municipal solid waste generated (Status and challenges of municipal solid waste management in India: A review, 2016). Citing the example of Gujarat which is one of the most industrially progressed states of India it is evident that with a municipal population of more than 8,443, 962 the state generates more than 3805 tonnes of municipal solid waste per day. Vapi being one of the industrially progressed cities of Gujarat is also found to be associated with generation of huge amount of municipal solid waste. Hence the immense pressure of population that is responsible for production of huge amount of municipal solid waste from household and generation of industrial waste from the industries can be considered as the present day challenges towards the practice of municipal solid waste management. Hence the primary aspects with respect to municipal solid waste management in Indian scenario revealed that shortage of proper waste storage at source, absence of effective waste segregation system that is helpful for recycling of wastes. Additionally lack of proper doorstep waste collection system in the resid ential area also result in improper waste disposal practices that are often unhygienic (Sharholy et al., 2008). Moreover the absence of regular street sweeping, inadequate system of secondary waste storage and absence of proper waste treatment system can also be highlighted in the respect. Presence of improper open dumping grounds for disposal of solid waste is also one the major challenges of the city. Future challenges with respect to effective municipal solid waste management: As Gujarat shall remain the industrial hub of the country the future challenges with respect to municipal solid waste management shall also remain the same. The future issues in this aspect shall cover the problem related with disposal of hazardous solid waste products that are mainly generation from the petrochemical, pharmaceutical, fertilizer, paint, asbestos, chemical and engineering industries. Hence effective disposal of hazardous solid waste products comprising of cyanides, pesticides, complex aromatic compounds and other toxic, flammable and reactive compounds shall still remain a challenge. Apart from this the proper disposal of sanitary waste and effective implementation of prohibitions to open disposal and random disposal of municipal waste shall also be a concern for the general public of Vapi (Chandrappa and Das, 2012). In addition to the above mentioned future challenges towards establishment of an effective municipal solid waste management system it is also important to highlight that absence of proper resources as a result of insufficient fund, lack of effective man power or labour for regular collection and disposal of waste, ineffective technological support for effective recycling of the collected solid wastes has also become the key concern of the future waste collection process. Apart from this lack of operational efficiency of solid waste management due to ineffective participation of the municipal agency and the overall unscientific approach towards municipal solid waste management practices can also be included as the future constraints in this respect (Konno and Machado, 2011). Presently existing strategic planning framework with respect to municipal solid waste management practices: In consideration to understand the presently existing strategic framework of municipal solid waste management practices it is important to convey that in Indian social scenario this particular practice is highly unorganized particularly the disposal practices and collection techniques of municipal solid wastes. It is due to the huge population pressure all the urban locations of the country generate huge amount of municipal solid waste particularly in the residential areas; similar in the situation of Vapi city which is located in Gujarat. Being one of the industrially developed city population is also found to remain at the progressive rate which is the causal factor for huge amount of municipal solid waste. Looking into the present scenario the collection bins present at different locations in the city are found to be without any proper maintenance or not in use (Vij, 2012). Absence of separate collection bins for biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes is also evident. Lack of durability of the storage bins and ineffective transportation of storage bins for mass disposal of waste is also observed. Furthermore it is also observed that rag pickers and dump pickers randomly collect wastes from the residential areas that result in unhygienic scattering of the solid municipal waste. Also there is existence of unauthorised dumping sites present in different locations of the city wherein the municipal solid wastes are found to be opening disposed. Irregular clearing of the collection bins is also evident in this city. Hence it can be concluded that the presently existing practices of municipal solid waste management is significantly ineffective with lacking municipality involvement that resulted in unscientific ways of waste disposal (Khajuria et al., 2010). Strategic vision: Strategic vision with respect to an effective municipal solid waste management is to bring betterment and efficient in the presently existing waste management practices. However in addition to deliver operational efficacy creating mass awareness with to the hazardous health consequence of improper solid waste disposal practice and the importance of waste management as a benefit to public health outcome. Key issues in context of municipal solid waste management: In consideration to the demographic profile and the extent of industrial growth of Vapi the major issue that can be identified is the pressure of solid wastes generated from households. Also the vast industrialization evident in this city can also be considered to be a contributor to huge volume of solid waste. The extent of awareness with respect to safe disposal and obeying the regulatory guidelines by the common population of the city can also be considered among one of the principle issues in context of discussion. Objectives of strategic municipal solid waste management: The key objective behind formulation of a strategic municipal solid waste management plan is to support mass awareness and sharing of information regarding the significance of municipal solid waste management along with improving the waste collection techniques with respect to multi-residential waste diversion. The other objectives are to reduce the use of plastic bags and implementation of separate waste collection units for biodegradable and non biodegradable municipal solid wastes. Another key objective behind the implementation of a strategic municipal solid waste management system is to acquire financial sustainability. Institutional Framework with respect to municipal solid waste management: In India the practices of solid waste management is under the responsibility of the municipality members of the particular area wherein the State legislative guidelines are found to be applicable. It is in accordance to the legal guidelines of the State legislative framework that aid in collection, transportation and disposal of the municipal solid waste. However it is to be understood that under the Indian scenario majority of the state legislations do not cover the required technical and or organizational specification with respect to solid waste management in the residential areas. It was evident that the municipal acts do not define the responsibilities of the citizen towards proper practices of hygienic waste disposal and also has no specific guidelines for waste collection system. As a result of proper ineffective legal framework the municipal solid waste management system was also devoid of proper surveillance and hence remained severely outdated and deficient. There was also lack of proper implementation of legal guidelines with respect to municipal waste treatment system or sanitary landfills. Therefore in order to address the above mentioned aspects the formulation of Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 were evident that should be followed by the local municipality in order to establish the infrastructure and services for collection, storage, segregation, transport, treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste. Moreover the urban developments department of Gujarat is found to be responsible for enforcing the legal guidelines with respect to the above mentioned rules and it is the responsibility of the state pollution board to monitor the compliance with the standards on groundwater, air and leachate pollution (Sachdeva, 2005). However non compliance with the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 was also observed. The primary reasons for non compliance were the absence of public awareness, civic sense, cooperation and resistance to change the attitude; absence of financial support for segregation of the recyclable solid waste and lack of efficiency of legal remedy can also be cited. Absence of proper door step waste collection practices with regular sweeping of the streets and shortage waste bins also contributed to non compliance with the implemented legal structure at the present situation. The other deficiencies namely absence of effective waste processing system and ineffective disposal of waste due to absence of institutional capacity also contributed to non compliance with the defined regulation of the State legislation with respect to municipal solid waste management system (Zhu, 2007). Options for Municipal solid waste collection and recycling: The options available with respect to municipal solid waste collection system is the practice of door-to-door and house-to-house or community bin services wherein the waste collection practices should be regular and performed in an acoustic manner. In addition to this emphasis should be given to implement waste collection practices in the slum areas of the city and also in the commercial locations. The practice of segregation of the collected solid waste can be considered to be highly essential as based on this step the recycling of the solid waste can be performed. However during the process of municipal solid waste collection emphasis is also essential for separate collection of biomedical and sanitary wastes (Sachdeva, 2005). The collection of horticultural waste and construction or demolition waste should perform in a segregated manner with a separate disposal unit. Implementation of stringency with respect to prohibitions of openly burning of the collected municipal solid waste can also be include as one of the evaluation options in this respect along with application of restrictive measure towards stray animal at the waste storage sites. Furthermore with respect to options for secondary storage of municipal solid waste it is observed that proper availability of sufficient storage provisions complying with the amount of waste generate in significant wherein emphasis should be given not to keep the collected wastes exposed to the atmosphere. The presence of proper waste collections bins with easy handling transfer and transport of the collected waste can also be included as one of the options with respect to waste collection system wherein sufficient focus should be given towards safe and hygienic handling of the collected municipal solid wastes (Sasikumar and Krishna, 2009). Therefore for the purpose of proper recycling of the collected municipal solid waste it is important to initially segregate the waste based on its bio degradability property. The non b iodegradable wastes are generally taken for recycling while the biodegradable wastes are use in production of compost and organic manure. Options for waste treatment and disposal: The technique of sanitary landfill can be identifies as one of the procedures of waste disposal wherein the process of compaction should be conducted on a routine basis with the aid of a bulldozer. During this process application of 15 cm thickness earth covert on routine basis with a final cover of 60 cm thickness should be followed over the compacted wastes. This particular approach is found to be effective in lowering the migration of leachate through the soli layer and also reduce the foul smell generated from the compacted waste. The incorporation of impervious clay or synthetic liner is also found to be effective as it act as a protective layer restricting environmental pollution. The application of perforate polyvinyl chloride or PVC pipes is also an effective option for collection of leachate. Furthermore it is also preferable to install gas collection and flaring system in order to restrict the incidents of continuous methane gas liberation from the compacted waste to the at mosphere (Kumar, 2015). The process of municipal solid waste treatment can be achieved through various ways wherein composting in order to decompose and stabilize the organic matter is one of them. As the practise of composting of wastes generate a significant amount of foul smell it is essential to practice safe disposal of solid waste for this purpose. There are two distinct ways of composting: the aerobic and the aerobic approach. The practice of vermin composting can also be cited as another option for treatment of municipal solid wastes whereby the organic wastes are converted into nutrient enriched soil. In additional to this the practice of bio-methanation can also be included as another option available for treatment of municipal solid wastes wherein through this particular process the organic wastes are converted to methane and manure. This particular process is found to comprise to tow stages: the acidification stage and the Methanation stage. It is during the stage of Methanation when methane gas is generated (Narayana, 2009). The process of incineration and pyrolysis are also included as options for treatment of municipal solid waste. The practice of incineration can be defined as a thermal waste treatment process wherein the raw and or unprocessed solid wastes are burnt. Hence considering the Indian social scenario with respect to the conventional approaches of municipal solid waste management incineration is generally an option for treatment of the disposed biomedical wastes (Joshi, Ahmed and Ng, 2016). The last option in this respect is pyrolysis which is a thermo-chemical conversion procedure. It is by this process the solid fuel is heated in absence of an oxidizing agent or more specifically in an inert atmosphere and result in generation of gas mixture, a liquid and a solid residue the char. It is also important to highlight that the process of pyrolysis has been identified as an effective option with respect to solid wastes treatment for generation of energy (Gupta, Yadav and Kumar, 2015). Financial sustainability: The aspects of financial sustainability can be directly linked with the presence of an effective and strategic municipal solid waste management system. The primary options with respect of increasing financial sustainability in this respect are to improve the fee collection efficiency wherein the fees of solid waste collection can be linked with the water supply. Also increase in the value chain by sales of the organic wastes obtained from biodegradable municipal solid waste can also elevate the financial sustainability. In addition to this an emphasis to bring diversification with respect to the revenue generation streams and financing mechanism like polluter-pays, cross-subsidy is also found to contribute to this particular issue. The approach of practicing cost reduction in parallel of cost effectiveness can also be rightly included as one of the options that may aid in delivery of financial sustainability in terms of implementation of a strategic municipal solid waste management s ystem (Lohri, Camenzind and Zurbrgg, 2014). Public awareness and participation in municipal solid waste management: The presence of literacy within the general population of Indian can be considered as one of the crucial factor with respect to public awareness regarding the pros and cons of municipal solid waste collection system. Hence in order to establish an operationally effective municipal solid waste collection system it is very important for making the public informed regarding the adverse effects on health and society as a result of open and hygienic disposal of municipal waste. For this purpose it is essential for the members associated with the municipality of the cities city to organize mass awareness campaign with an effort to communicate the relevant information regarding safe and hygienic municipal solid waste disposal practices. It is also important to make the common public aware regarding the disposal techniques of hazardous waste (Mapunda, 2007). The approach of door-to-door awareness practices through the active participation of the local municipal members can also be considered as an effective way to inform the general public. Hence in consideration to Vapi which is one of the recognised industrially developed city of Gujarat the active participation of the members of local municipality may result in development of a sustainable municipal solid waste collection system (Sasikumar and Krishna, 2009). However the sincere involvement of the local population of Vapi along with the members of the municipality can results in the gradual establishment of a sustainable and effective municipal solid waste management system. Finalizing the strategic plan: Learning from the above mentioned information regarding the major options with respect to the different aspects of municipal solid waste collection process it is important to consider the budget issue and or the sponsorships available for implementation o the strategic plan. Hence in order to finalize the plan of action it is essential to consider the funds available from the state government and also the extent of participation from the NGOs. Proper investment of the available funds is also important wherein the labour fees, waste collection containers expense, the expenses required from vehicles in order to transport the collected wastes are a matter of concern (Rengarajan, 2013). However it is also essential to consider all the above mentioned options and also to follow the legal guidelines during execution of the action plan. Immediate action plan: This particular segment shall emphasis on designing the plan of action with respect to municipal solid waste management that can be executed with immediate effect. The overall plan of action has been divided into six divisions wherein each division shall include specific tasks. It is also important to consider that the plan of action should comply with the stipulated time period allotted. Hence the plan of action is as follows: Initiative towards resource recovery and implementation of solid waste management regulatory issues: The primary activity in this respect is the official release of draft regulations for review by the local residents of Vapi, Gujarat within a time interval of 45 days has be to undertaken followed with implementation of the regulatory guidelines. The final copy of the regulation has to be officially sanctioned by the local administrative authority. The implementation of stewardship programs along with Industry agreements: The components namely newspaper, plastics, derelict vehicles, automobiles batteries containing lead-acid, automobile tyres, used oil, waste paint and ethylene glycol generated from automobiles should be enlisted as solid disposable wastes. Introduction of provincial government aided solid waste reduction programs: In consideration to the action plan for strategic solid waste management this particular activity has a pivotal role as the approach of waste reduction is found to directly contribute towards effective waste management process. The environmentally responsible procurement policy for the local administrative body and the introduction of government initiated solid waste recycling programs should also be included (Christensen, 2011). The practice of solid waste disposal: As a part of strategic solid waste disposal system initiative shall be undertaken to keep separate disposal bins in accordance to waste category. Separate disposal bins should be kept for the effective disposal of newspaper, beverage containers, scrap tyres, automobiles batteries and waste paint. In addition to this separate disposal bins should be placed in multiple locations of the town for disposal of organic and biodegradable products. However implementation of few prohibitions with respect to solid waste disposal has also been included within the plan of action. Prohibition to the practice of openly burning of solid waste, ban on disposal of compostable organic waste in a random manner and prohibition to the use of low density polythene plastic bags has also been considered under the plan of action. Ban the use of plastic bags that are less than 4 micron in thickness by the local public and shopkeepers for domestic use (Simcoe.ca, 2016). Introduction of a modified garbage collection process: As a part of action plan that should be of immediate effect the introduction of distinct garbage collection shall be considered as an approach for effective management of the municipal solid waste. The garbage collection services like pay as you throw; bi weekly clearance of garbage sites used by public and provision to introduce a standard sized garbage container can be considered. Apart from this emphasis should be given to expand the green bin collection facilities along with expansion of yard waste collection practices and expansion of waste facilities diversion programs (Grover, 2000). Acquiring regional or provincial cooperation for the implantation of the action plan: In context of the above mentioned plan of action it is essential to delineate the provincial boundaries and also to settle the regulatory guidelines of the landfill. Finalization of the guidelines for management of construction and demolition waste and along finalizing of resource recovery plan also is included within the immediate plan of action. Further emphasis shall also be give to establish regional disposal facilities that are required to comply with the pre defined provincial standards (Burnley, 2014). The introduction of reduction and recycling of the generated solid waste: Emphasis should be given to maintain stringency of the implemented disposal and diversion laws for the betterment of the concerned locality and the public. Apart from this focus shall also be given to continue political advocacy along with a practice towards reduction in generation of food wastes, textile diversion and introduction of reward program for obtaining a sustainable solid waste management system (Novascotia.ca, 2016). Strategic objectives with respect to municipal solid waste management: The final objective behind formulation of a plan of action is to successfully achieve the pre defined strategic objective complying with municipal solid waste management. Therefore the primary objectives of this above mentioned action plan to be successfully meet the pre defined disposal standards along with an initiation of a comprehensive review of the formulated waste management strategy. Creating a positive awareness within the local residents of Vapi, Gujarat regarding the importance of proper disposal of solid waste product can also be include within the strategic goals. Conclusion: Learning from the information provided in the previous sections of this assignment it is evident that the municipal solid waste collection system of India is not at a satisfactory level wherein the key issues are rapid urbanization and excessive pressure of population. The presence of low public awareness and their tendency to practice unhygienic disposal of household and sanitary wastes are the other major concerns. Therefore the assignment has also efficiently highlighted the existing municipal solid waste management practices of Vapi and has also identified the present and future challenges in this respect. Apart from presenting an illustrative note on the available options for municipal solid waste collection, disposal, treatment and recycling process a plan of action has also been included. Hence referring to the produced plan of action it is justified to infer that the present situation of municipal solid waste management system in Vapi can be improved if sufficient effort is g iven towards promotion of public awareness and incorporation of a sustainable waste management system within the society. References: Burnley, S. (2014).Solid wastes management. Chichester: Wiley. Censusindia.gov.in. (2016).nt. Berlin: Springer. Christensen, T. (2011).Solid waste technology management. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K.: Wiley. Grover, V. (2000).Solid waste management. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. Gupta, N., Yadav, K. and Kumar, V. (2015). A review on current status of municipal solid waste management in India.Journal of Environmental Sciences, 37, pp.206-217. Joshi, R., Ahmed, S. and Ng, C. (2016). Status and challenges of municipal solid waste management in India: A review.Cogent Environmental Science, 2(1), p.1139434. Khajuria, A., Matsui, T., Machimura, T. and Morioka, T. (2010). Assessment of the challenge of sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste management in India.International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 13(2), p.171. Konno, G. and Machado, C. (2011).Municipal solid waste. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers. Kumar, S. (2015).Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: Present Practices and Future Challenge.